{"id":1695,"date":"2017-09-04T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2017-09-04T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dialogosinternacionais.com.br\/?p=1695"},"modified":"2022-05-05T00:30:49","modified_gmt":"2022-05-05T03:30:49","slug":"soberania-ou-internacionalizacao-da-amazonia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dialogosinternacionais.com.br\/?p=1695","title":{"rendered":"Soberania ou internacionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o da Amaz\u00f4nia?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>Volume 4 | N\u00famero 40 | Set. 2017<\/b><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: right;\">Por Bernardo Salgado Rodrigues<\/div>\n<table align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/amazonasatual.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Amazonia-e-temer.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/amazonasatual.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Amazonia-e-temer.jpg\" data-original-height=\"450\" data-original-width=\"800\" height=\"180\" width=\"320\"><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\">Imagem do site <a href=\"http:\/\/amazonasatual.com.br\/temer-classificou-de-singeleza-impar-exploracao-mineral-na-amazonia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amazonas Atual<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument>  <w:View>Normal<\/w:View>  <w:Zoom>0<\/w:Zoom>  <w:TrackMoves\/>  <w:TrackFormatting\/>  <w:HyphenationZone>21<\/w:HyphenationZone>  <w:PunctuationKerning\/>  <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas\/>  <w:SaveIfXMLInval>false<\/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>  <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false<\/w:IgnoreMixedContent>  <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false<\/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>  <w:DoNotPromoteQF\/>  <w:LidThemeOther>PT-BR<\/w:LidThemeOther>  <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE<\/w:LidThemeAsian>  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<w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"37\" Name=\"Bibliography\"\/>  <w:LsdException Locked=\"false\" Priority=\"39\" QFormat=\"true\" Name=\"TOC Heading\"\/> <\/w:LatentStyles><\/xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><![endif]--><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">Recentemente, o presidente em exerc\u00edcio no Brasil, Michel Temer, liberou a explora\u00e7\u00e3o mineral numa reserva da Amaz\u00f4nia e convocou mineradoras estrangeiras \u00e0 uma &#8220;nova ca\u00e7a ao ouro&#8221;. Foi alvo de cr\u00edticas, tanto por ambientalistas e protetores dos direitos ind\u00edgenas, como por extinguir o monop\u00f3lio estatal de minera\u00e7\u00e3o em \u00e1rea com alto potencial de ouro e outros metais<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blogger.g?blogID=2974965557809810859#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>.<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">Historicamente, a Amaz\u00f4nia se encontra entrela\u00e7ada diante dos interesses de acumula\u00e7\u00e3o de poder e riqueza das grandes centros de poder mundiais, sejam dos Estados e das empresas transnacionais. Na atualidade, tais centros de poder se lan\u00e7am sobre a regi\u00e3o, principalmente, na disputa das fontes de recursos naturais estrat\u00e9gicos (KLARE, 2003:2012; BILLON, 2001), fazendo com que a regi\u00e3o seja essencial para o funcionamento e expans\u00e3o do sistema mundial, \u201ce por isto deve sofrer uma press\u00e3o econ\u00f4mica e pol\u00edtica cada vez maior, de fora e de dentro da pr\u00f3pria regi\u00e3o.\u201d (FIORI, 2008, p.58)<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a name=\"more\"><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">In\u00fameros s\u00e3o os desafios dos pa\u00edses amaz\u00f4nicos.  No plano dom\u00e9stico, se apresenta a quest\u00e3o da sua ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o e integra\u00e7\u00e3o, al\u00e9m da efetiva presen\u00e7a do Estado. No regional, a integra\u00e7\u00e3o com os pa\u00edses vizinhos sob a m\u00e1xima hist\u00f3rica de &#8220;integrar para n\u00e3o entregar&#8221;, numa perspectiva Pan-Amaz\u00f4nica. No internacional, a problem\u00e1tica da hist\u00f3rica disputa internacional pelos territ\u00f3rios amaz\u00f4nicos no qual o bin\u00f4mio &#8220;soberania ou internacionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o&#8221; impera at\u00e9 os dias atuais.<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">Diversos autores geopol\u00edticos realizaram estudos sobre a import\u00e2ncia da Amaz\u00f4nia para um projeto nacional de desenvolvimento e regional de integra\u00e7\u00e3o, alertando para as pretens\u00f5es internacionais de controle territorial e dos fluxos econ\u00f4micos.<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">O general Carlos de Meira Mattos afirmava que a Amaz\u00f4nia possu\u00eda capacidade de fomentar o desenvolvimento nacional e regional. Deste fato adv\u00e9m seu preceito de continentaliza\u00e7\u00e3o da hinterd\u00e2ndia sul-americana atrav\u00e9s da utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de modernas tecnologias dos transportes e comunica\u00e7\u00f5es, conjuntamente aos p\u00f3los de desenvolvimento, que seriam a &#8220;unidade econ\u00f4mica motriz&#8221; (FREITAS, 2004, p.72-73) do impulso ao &#8220;progresso e a influ\u00eancia at\u00e9 os limites com os demais pa\u00edses amaz\u00f4nicos&#8221; (COSTA, 1992, p.220), numa vontade pol\u00edtica em termos de coopera\u00e7\u00e3o sul-americana (tendo seu \u00e1pice no Tratado de Coopera\u00e7\u00e3o Amaz\u00f4nica, de 1978).<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">Therezinha de Castro foi uma das autoras brasileiras que antecipou, inclusive, a sua cobi\u00e7a internacional: &#8220;de um lado, o princ\u00edpio da soberania nacional e, do outro, a crescente afirma\u00e7\u00e3o de uma responsabilidade mundial quanto \u00e0 gest\u00e3o desse patrim\u00f4nio da humanidade&#8221;. (FREITAS, 2004, p.96) Surgem, assim, os preceitos da autora, de &#8220;integrar para n\u00e3o entregar&#8221; e &#8220;preservar quando poss\u00edvel, mas conservar n\u00e3o.&#8221; (FREITAS, 2004, p.99)<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">A &#8220;cientista da Amaz\u00f4nia&#8221;, Bertha Becker, realizou uma s\u00edntese das mudan\u00e7as decorrentes das transforma\u00e7\u00f5es ocorridas nas din\u00e2micas espaciais da regi\u00e3o amaz\u00f4nica, cujos desdobramentos em a\u00e7\u00f5es estatais foram diversos. No plano internacional, sua teoria da coer\u00e7\u00e3o velada<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blogger.g?blogID=2974965557809810859#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u00e9 fundamental para compreender os anseios geopol\u00edticos das grandes pot\u00eancias na regi\u00e3o. Al\u00e9m disso, insere ao debate amaz\u00f4nico o desenvolvimento via ci\u00eancia e tecnologia, argumentando a necessidade de aproveitamento sustent\u00e1vel dos recursos naturais. Entretanto, alerta para o car\u00e1ter pol\u00edtico restritivo da \u00fanica e exclusiva preocupa\u00e7\u00e3o com a preserva\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">A regi\u00e3o amaz\u00f4nica se apresenta como uma das \u00faltimas fronteiras de expans\u00e3o do capitalismo mundial dado, principalmente, a sua geografia. Com o avan\u00e7o tecnol\u00f3gico e a necessidade de constante adaptabilidade dos pa\u00edses centrais com a finalidade de manuten\u00e7\u00e3o do seu status quo, tal fronteira \u00e9 crescentemente valorizada. Como constatado pelos estudos de Ribeiro (2005), Pereira (2007), Morel (1984) e Reis (1968), h\u00e1 um hist\u00f3rico interesse na regi\u00e3o amaz\u00f4nica; em outros termos, a import\u00e2ncia hist\u00f3rica da conquista, ocupa\u00e7\u00e3o e gest\u00e3o dos recursos naturais estrat\u00e9gicos presentes na regi\u00e3o amaz\u00f4nica vem pautando o aumento da presen\u00e7a estrangeira ao longo do tempo.<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sucintamente, neste caso em particular, a id\u00e9ia principal do governo golpista brasileiro \u2212 impl\u00edcita ou explicitamente \u2212 \u00e9 demonstrar a incapacidade de conter a cat\u00e1strofe que uma explora\u00e7\u00e3o descontrolada e n\u00e3o regulamentada pode acarretar (al\u00e9m de mais uma sinaliza\u00e7\u00e3o de abertura pol\u00edtica ao mercado). Com isso, a como\u00e7\u00e3o p\u00fablica nacional e internacional reacenderia o antigo debate sobre a incapacidade dos pa\u00edses amaz\u00f4nicos de proteger a floresta, sendo a \u00fanica alternativa a sua internacionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o; uma securitiza\u00e7\u00e3o internacional da Amaz\u00f4nia em detrimento das soberanias e projetos estrat\u00e9gicos nacionais e regionais dos pa\u00edses amaz\u00f4nicos. Vence a entrega e internacionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o, perde a integra\u00e7\u00e3o e a soberania nacional.<\/div>\n<p><b><br \/>\n<\/b><b>Refer\u00eancias bibliogr\u00e1ficas <\/b><\/p>\n<p>BECKER, Bertha. <i>As Amaz\u00f4nias de Bertha K. Becker:<\/i><b> <\/b>ensaios sobre geografia e sociedade na regi\u00e3o amaz\u00f4nica &#8211; Vol.3. Rio de Janeiro: Garamond, 2015.<\/p>\n<p>COSTA, Wanderley Messias da. <i>Geografia pol\u00edtica e geopol\u00edtica.<\/i> S\u00e3o Paulo: Hucitec; Editora da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, 1992.<\/p>\n<p>FIORI, Jos\u00e9 Lu\u00eds. O sistema interestatal capitalista no in\u00edcio do s\u00e9culo XXI. In: FIORI, Jos\u00e9 Lu\u00eds; SERRANO, Franklin; MEDEIROS, Carlos Aguiar de. <i>O mito do colapso do poder americano. <\/i>Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2008. p. 11-70.<\/p>\n<p>FREITAS, Jorge Manuel de Costa. <i>A escola geopol\u00edtica brasileira.<\/i> Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Ex\u00e9rcito Ed., 2004.<\/p>\n<p>KLARE, Michael. <i>Guerras por los recursos: El futuro escenario del conflicto global.<\/i> Barcelona: Ediciones Urano, 2003.<\/p>\n<p>KLARE, Michael. <i>The race for what&#8217;s left: The global scramble for the world&#8217;s last resources.<\/i> New York: Picador, 2012.<\/p>\n<p>MOREL, Edmar.<i> Amaz\u00f4nia saqueada<\/i>. 3. ed. S\u00e3o Paulo: Global, 1984.<\/p>\n<p>PEREIRA, Carlos Patricio Freitas. <i>Geopol\u00edtica e o futuro do Brasil: Amaz\u00f4nia Ocidental e Pantanal Comunidade Sul-Americana.<\/i> Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Ex\u00e9rcito, 2007.<\/p>\n<p>REIS, Arthur Cezar Ferreira. <i>A Amaz\u00f4nia e a cobi\u00e7a internacional. <\/i>3. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Gr\u00e1fica Record Editora, 1968.<\/p>\n<p>RIBEIRO, Nelson de Figueiredo. <i>A quest\u00e3o geopol\u00edtica da Amaz\u00f4nia:<\/i> da soberania difusa \u00e0 soberania restrita. Bras\u00edlia: Senado Federal, 2005.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blogger.g?blogID=2974965557809810859#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> https:\/\/brasil.elpais.com\/brasil\/2017\/08\/24\/politica\/1503605287_481662.html<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blogger.g?blogID=2974965557809810859#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> &#8220;Press\u00f5es de todo tipo para influir na decis\u00e3o dos Estados sobre o uso de seus territ\u00f3rios. Essa mudan\u00e7a est\u00e1 ligada intimamente \u00e0 revolu\u00e7\u00e3o cient\u00edfico-tecnol\u00f3gica e \u00e0s possibilidades criadas de ampliar a comunica\u00e7\u00e3o e a circula\u00e7\u00e3o no planeta atrav\u00e9s de fluxos e redes que aceleram o tempo e ampliam as escalas de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o e de rela\u00e7\u00f5es, configurando espa\u00e7os-tempos diferenciados.&#8221; (BECKER, 2015, 451-452)<span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"font-family: &quot;times new roman&quot; , &quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"mso-element: footnote-list;\">\n<div style=\"mso-element: footnote;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Volume 4 | N\u00famero 40 | Set. 2017 Por Bernardo Salgado Rodrigues Imagem<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2063,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[650,655],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1695","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ensaios","category-volume4"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dialogosinternacionais.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1695","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dialogosinternacionais.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dialogosinternacionais.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogosinternacionais.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogosinternacionais.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1695"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/dialogosinternacionais.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1695\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2064,"href":"https:\/\/dialogosinternacionais.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1695\/revisions\/2064"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogosinternacionais.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2063"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dialogosinternacionais.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1695"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogosinternacionais.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1695"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dialogosinternacionais.com.br\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1695"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}